====== The Object Class, Abstract Classes, Interfaces, Polymorphism ======

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  * The topics covered here are related to inheritance.

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===== The Object Class =====

  * Every class in Java is descended from the //java.lang.Object// class.
    * If no inheritance is specified when a class is defined, the superclass of the class is //Object// by default.
      * Every class, whether superclass or subclass, inherits from the //Object// class in Java.
      * Two notable methods that every class inherits from //Object// are //toString// and //equals//.
        * A third method that every class inherits from //Object// is //clone// ([[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_%28Java_method%29|Link]])

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===== Abstract Classes =====

  * An abstract class is used solely for creating subclasses.
    * You can't instantiate an object of an abstract class using //new//.
    * So, an abstract class is usually a highly general-sounding class, like //GeometricObject// or //Student//.


  * See the Student <- CompSciStudent abstract class inheritance example.

  * If a class contains an //abstract// method (like the //Student// class does), __the class itself has to be declared abstract__.
    * //Abstract// methods are declared, __but not defined__, e.g. the //Student// class' //getRemainingHours()// method.
    * An abstract class' subclasses __MUST__ include and override the abstract methods in the abstract superclass.
      * So, the //CompSciStudent// subclass MUST contain a definition of the //getRemainingHours()// method or else an error will occur.
      * In this way, an abstract superclass can impose certain restrictions (or //requirements//) on what its subclasses can do.

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===== Interfaces =====

  * An interface is similar to an abstract class in that a class that implements an interface is __REQUIRED__ to define certain methods.
  * An interface must only contain constants and abstract methods, no variables.
    * The intent of interfaces is to ensure the __behavior__ of objects.

    * See the GradedActivity <- FinalExam3 Relatable interface example

  * GUI Example: DogYearsListen.java

<code>
          // The ActionListener interface contains only one abstract
          // method called actionPerformed().
          // Because the class ConvertBtnListener implements the
          // ActionListener interface, it is required to define the
          // actionPerformed() method.
          class ConvertBtnListener implements ActionListener {
                  public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
</code>

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===== Polymorphism =====

  * One of the foundations of object-oriented programming (along with encapsulation and inheritance).

  * Related to inheritance
    * A subclass object __is an__ object of its superclass, but not vise versa.
    * In the [[cs176/501b/triangle_inheritance_example|GeometricObject1 <- Triangle]] example, when you construct the [[http://rockhopper.monmouth.edu/~jchung/cs176/su14/src/Triangle/testTriangle.java|Triangle object tri]], //tri// __is a__ Triangle. At the same time, //tri// __is a__ GeometricObject1.
      * If you construct a GeometricObject1 object //geo//, //geo// __is a__ GeometricObject1, but //geo// is not a Triangle.

  * Polymorphism means that an object of a subclass can be used wherever its superclass object is used.

  * Example: (main class only)

<code>
          // Assume that the GeometricObject1, Circle4 and
          // Rectangle1 classes are defined already:

          public class PolymorphismDemo {

            public static void main(String[] args) {

                // Display Circle and rectangle properties
                displayObject(new Circle4(1, "red", false));
                displayObject(new Rectangle1(1, 1, "black", true));
            }



            /** Method to display geometric object properties */
            // (POLYMORPHISM BEING EMPLOYED HERE:)
            public static void displayObject(GeometricObject1 object) {
                System.out.println("Created on " + object.getDateCreated() +
                                   ". Color is " + object.getColor());
            }

          }
</code>

  * The above example demonstrates that you can always pass an instance of a subclass (Circle4 or Rectangle1) to a parameter of its superclass (GeometricObject1).

  * Example:

<code>
        public class DynamicBindingDemo {

            public static void main(String[] args) {
    
                m(new GraduateStudent());
                m(new Student());
                m(new Person());
                m(new Object());
            }



            // (POLYMORPHISM BEING EMPLOYED HERE:)
            public static void m(Object x) {
                System.out.println(x.toString());
            }
        }


        class GraduateStudent extends Student {
        }


        class Student extends Person {
            public String toString() {
                return "Student";
            }
        }


        class Person extends Object {
            public String toString() {
                return "Person";
            }
        }
</code>

  * See also the methods in the //Relatable// interface above.
    * The //equals, isGreater// and //isLess// methods take one //GradedActivity// object as an input parameter, but any subclass of //GradedActivity// such as //FinalExam3// can use the three methods because of the property of polymorphism.

<code>
        public interface Relatable
        {
           public abstract boolean equals(GradedActivity g);
           public abstract boolean isGreater(GradedActivity g);
           public abstract boolean isLess(GradedActivity g);
        }
</code>

  * Polymorphism can help to reduce the number of listeners that are required for GUI components.
    * Example: FractionGUI

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